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     "metadata": {},
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      "\u0424\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "def f():\n",
      "    print(1)\n",
      "    \n",
      "g = f\n",
      "g()"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "1\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 1
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "svn.py"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import sys\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "def checkout(*args):\n",
      "    print('checkout{}'.format(args))\n",
      "\n",
      "def commit(*args):\n",
      "    print('commit{}'.format(args))\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "commands = {\n",
      "        'checkout': checkout,\n",
      "        'co': checkout,\n",
      "        'commit': commit,\n",
      "        'ci': commit\n",
      "        }\n",
      "\n",
      "cmd, *args = 'commit', 'arg1', 'arg2' #sys.argv[1:]\n",
      "commands[cmd](*args)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "commit('arg1', 'arg2')\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 2
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438"
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    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "\u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433 filter"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "def filter(function, iterable):\n",
      "    for e in iterable:\n",
      "        if function(e):\n",
      "            yield e\n",
      "\n",
      "def is_even(number):\n",
      "    return number % 2 == 0\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\n",
      "for e in filter(is_even, a):\n",
      "    print(e)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "2\n",
        "4\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 1
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "a = range(6)\n",
      "for e in filter(is_even, a):\n",
      "    print(e)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "0\n",
        "2\n",
        "4\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 2
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "\u041d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433 map"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "def map(function, iterable):\n",
      "    for e in iterable:\n",
      "        yield function(e)\n",
      "        \n",
      "def square(x):\n",
      "    return x ** 2\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "for e in map(square, [1, 2, 3]):\n",
      "    print(e)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "1\n",
        "4\n",
        "9\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 1
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "\u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433 map"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "def map(function, *iterables):\n",
      "    iters = [iter(iterable) for iterable in iterables]\n",
      "    while True:\n",
      "        try:\n",
      "            args = [next(it) for it in iters]\n",
      "            yield function(*args)\n",
      "        except StopIteration:\n",
      "            break\n",
      "            \n",
      "def add(a, b):\n",
      "    return a + b\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "for e in map(add, [1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]):\n",
      "    print(e)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "5\n",
        "7\n",
        "9\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 2
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "lambda"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "for e in map(lambda a, b: a + b, [1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]):\n",
      "    print(e)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "5\n",
        "7\n",
        "9\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 1
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "\u0424\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "def add(a, b):\n",
      "    return a + b\n",
      "\n",
      "def partial(function, *args):    \n",
      "    def new_function(*more_args):\n",
      "        all_args = args + more_args\n",
      "        return function(*all_args)\n",
      "    return new_function\n",
      "    \n",
      "inc = partial(add, 1)\n",
      "inc(4)\n"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 1,
       "text": [
        "5"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 1
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import functools\n",
      "import operator\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "inc = functools.partial(operator.add, 1)\n",
      "print(inc(4))"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "5\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 2
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "\u041a\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import timeit\n",
      "\n",
      "def caching(function):\n",
      "    computed_results = {}\n",
      "    def new_function(*args):\n",
      "        if args not in computed_results:\n",
      "            computed_results[args] = function(*args)\n",
      "        return computed_results[args]\n",
      "    return new_function\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "def fibonacci_number(i):\n",
      "    if i == 0 or i == 1:\n",
      "        return 1\n",
      "    return fibonacci_number(i - 1) + fibonacci_number(i - 2)\n",
      "\n",
      "print(timeit.timeit('fibonacci_number(30)', number=3, setup='from __main__ import fibonacci_number'))\n",
      "fibonacci_number = caching(fibonacci_number)\n",
      "print(timeit.timeit('fibonacci_number(30)', number=3, setup='from __main__ import fibonacci_number'))"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "2.3664230789872818\n",
        "5.887000588700175e-05\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 1
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import timeit\n",
      "\n",
      "def caching(function):\n",
      "    computed_results = {}\n",
      "    def new_function(*args):\n",
      "        if args not in computed_results:\n",
      "            computed_results[args] = function(*args)\n",
      "        return computed_results[args]\n",
      "    return new_function\n",
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "@caching\n",
      "def fibonacci_number(i):\n",
      "    if i == 0 or i == 1:\n",
      "        return 1\n",
      "    return fibonacci_number(i - 1) + fibonacci_number(i - 2)\n",
      "\n",
      "print(timeit.timeit('fibonacci_number(30)', number=3, setup='from __main__ import fibonacci_number'))"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "5.275104194879532e-05\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 2
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "\u0427\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438?"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "def f(x):\n",
      "    print(x)\n",
      "    \n",
      "print(f.__name__)\n",
      "g = f\n",
      "print(g.__name__)\n",
      "g = lambda: 1\n",
      "print(g.__name__)\n",
      "print(f.__module__)\n"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "f\n",
        "f\n",
        "<lambda>\n",
        "__main__\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 1
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "docstrings"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "def caching(function):\n",
      "    '''Caching decorator for functions with positional arguments.'''\n",
      "\n",
      "    computed_results = {}\n",
      "    def new_function(*args):\n",
      "        if args not in computed_results:\n",
      "            computed_results[args] = function(*args)\n",
      "        return computed_results[args]\n",
      "    new_function.__name__ = function.__name__\n",
      "    new_function.__doc__ = function.__doc__\n",
      "    return new_function\n",
      "\n",
      "@caching\n",
      "def fibonacci_number(i):\n",
      "    '''Function for calculating i-th Fibonacci number.'''\n",
      "\n",
      "    if i == 0 or i == 1:\n",
      "        return 1\n",
      "    return fibonacci_number(i - 1) + fibonacci_number(i - 2)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 2
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import caching\n",
      "help(caching) #    $ pydoc caching"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Help on module caching:\n",
        "\n",
        "NAME\n",
        "    caching\n",
        "\n",
        "FUNCTIONS\n",
        "    caching(function)\n",
        "        Caching decorator for functions with positional arguments.\n",
        "    \n",
        "    fibonacci_number(*args)\n",
        "        Function for calculating i-th Fibonacci number.\n",
        "\n",
        "FILE\n",
        "    /Users/tswr/python/caching.py\n",
        "\n",
        "\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 3
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "from IPython.display import HTML\n",
      "with open('caching.html') as f:  #   $ pydoc -w caching\n",
      "    h = HTML(f.read())\n",
      "h"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "html": [
        "\n",
        "<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN\">\n",
        "<html><head><title>Python: module caching</title>\n",
        "</head><body bgcolor=\"#f0f0f8\">\n",
        "\n",
        "<table width=\"100%\" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border=0 summary=\"heading\">\n",
        "<tr bgcolor=\"#7799ee\">\n",
        "<td valign=bottom>&nbsp;<br>\n",
        "<font color=\"#ffffff\" face=\"helvetica, arial\">&nbsp;<br><big><big><strong>caching</strong></big></big></font></td\n",
        "><td align=right valign=bottom\n",
        "><font color=\"#ffffff\" face=\"helvetica, arial\"><a href=\".\">index</a><br><a href=\"file:/Users/tswr/python/caching.py\">/Users/tswr/python/caching.py</a></font></td></tr></table>\n",
        "    <p></p>\n",
        "<p>\n",
        "<table width=\"100%\" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border=0 summary=\"section\">\n",
        "<tr bgcolor=\"#eeaa77\">\n",
        "<td colspan=3 valign=bottom>&nbsp;<br>\n",
        "<font color=\"#ffffff\" face=\"helvetica, arial\"><big><strong>Functions</strong></big></font></td></tr>\n",
        "    \n",
        "<tr><td bgcolor=\"#eeaa77\"><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>&nbsp;</td>\n",
        "<td width=\"100%\"><dl><dt><a name=\"-caching\"><strong>caching</strong></a>(function)</dt><dd><tt>Caching&nbsp;decorator&nbsp;for&nbsp;functions&nbsp;with&nbsp;positional&nbsp;arguments.</tt></dd></dl>\n",
        " <dl><dt><a name=\"-fibonacci_number\"><strong>fibonacci_number</strong></a>(*args)</dt><dd><tt>Function&nbsp;for&nbsp;calculating&nbsp;i-th&nbsp;Fibonacci&nbsp;number.</tt></dd></dl>\n",
        "</td></tr></table>\n",
        "</body></html>"
       ],
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 4,
       "text": [
        "<IPython.core.display.HTML at 0x10f7e23c8>"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 4
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "code object"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "caching.caching.__code__.co_code"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 5,
       "text": [
        "b'i\\x00\\x00\\x89\\x00\\x00\\x87\\x00\\x00\\x87\\x01\\x00f\\x02\\x00d\\x01\\x00d\\x02\\x00\\x86\\x00\\x00}\\x01\\x00\\x88\\x01\\x00j\\x00\\x00|\\x01\\x00_\\x00\\x00\\x88\\x01\\x00j\\x01\\x00|\\x01\\x00_\\x01\\x00|\\x01\\x00S'"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 5
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import dis\n",
      "dis.dis(caching.caching)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "  4           0 BUILD_MAP                0\n",
        "              3 STORE_DEREF              0 (computed_results)\n",
        "\n",
        "  5           6 LOAD_CLOSURE             0 (computed_results)\n",
        "              9 LOAD_CLOSURE             1 (function)\n",
        "             12 BUILD_TUPLE              2\n",
        "             15 LOAD_CONST               1 (<code object new_function at 0x10eb93420, file \"/Users/tswr/python/caching.py\", line 5>)\n",
        "             18 LOAD_CONST               2 ('caching.<locals>.new_function')\n",
        "             21 MAKE_CLOSURE             0\n",
        "             24 STORE_FAST               1 (new_function)\n",
        "\n",
        "  9          27 LOAD_DEREF               1 (function)\n",
        "             30 LOAD_ATTR                0 (__name__)\n",
        "             33 LOAD_FAST                1 (new_function)\n",
        "             36 STORE_ATTR               0 (__name__)\n",
        "\n",
        " 10          39 LOAD_DEREF               1 (function)\n",
        "             42 LOAD_ATTR                1 (__doc__)\n",
        "             45 LOAD_FAST                1 (new_function)\n",
        "             48 STORE_ATTR               1 (__doc__)\n",
        "\n",
        " 11          51 LOAD_FAST                1 (new_function)\n",
        "             54 RETURN_VALUE\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 6
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import inspect\n",
      "sig = inspect.signature(caching.caching)\n",
      "print(sig)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "(function)\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 7
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "print(sig.parameters)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "OrderedDict([('function', <Parameter at 0x10eb7e1f8 'function'>)])\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 8
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "print(inspect.getsource(caching.caching))"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "def caching(function):\n",
        "    '''Caching decorator for functions with positional arguments.'''\n",
        "\n",
        "    computed_results = {}\n",
        "    def new_function(*args):\n",
        "        if args not in computed_results:\n",
        "            computed_results[args] = function(*args)\n",
        "        return computed_results[args]\n",
        "    new_function.__name__ = function.__name__\n",
        "    new_function.__doc__ = function.__doc__\n",
        "    return new_function\n",
        "\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 9
    }
   ],
   "metadata": {}
  }
 ]
}